tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-78614682085832086732024-03-13T06:51:59.055-07:00Nature in the Lot (notably the Bouriane)Items of natural history interest in the Département du Lot (46)(France)
They follow on from articles which were published monthly over nine years in French News.
Additions will be made each month.Gourdon Naturalisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06932172313279090345noreply@blogger.comBlogger48125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7861468208583208673.post-58127513398225323172020-12-31T06:18:00.000-08:002016-05-05T01:08:32.198-07:00Indexes<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://naturelot.blogspot.fr/2008/01/to-return-to-latest-post-click-here.html">INDEX To locate anything on this blog click here</a>.<br />
<a href="mailto:lefourquet@gmail.com"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">If you find an error or wish to contact the author please click here </span></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">Weather statistics for several years , Articles on Natural History. etc etc.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-size: small;">Arti<span style="font-size: small;">cles are now mostly being posted in a <span style="font-size: small;">companion</span> publishing outlet <span style="color: red;">ANGLOINFO.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">You can view my articles there </span></span></span> </span><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_852768705"><br /></a>
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://blogs.angloinfo.com/an-english-naturalist-in-france/">http://blogs.angloinfo.com/an-english-naturalist-in-france/</a> </span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06050379982381080678noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7861468208583208673.post-57546857535522253392016-09-13T02:52:00.000-07:002016-09-13T02:52:09.641-07:00The Marchantia liverwort.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBZDmyOhpec_tK65Y77vDaQaScGYr6QFO5xZKdMwurdf7RWqOJ34ldiBdpC4-b6hyphenhyphenbdXnBQ7R9Aj2Frdm9vgssX92nHqKpOrZlPXSktXWBq5EHbup8qUFNhgdCwXP2KBo3U8-uqu-eKh0/s1600/Marchantia+polymorpha.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBZDmyOhpec_tK65Y77vDaQaScGYr6QFO5xZKdMwurdf7RWqOJ34ldiBdpC4-b6hyphenhyphenbdXnBQ7R9Aj2Frdm9vgssX92nHqKpOrZlPXSktXWBq5EHbup8qUFNhgdCwXP2KBo3U8-uqu-eKh0/s320/Marchantia+polymorpha.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
The tiny Marchantia for me has always had a fascination. It looks so exotic. Though the fruiting stems stand less than 4 cms high, they have the appearance of tiny palm trees. The plant has two forms of reproduction. The 'palm tree' growths carry the sexual organs. On the wide spreading 'thallus' there are 'gemma cups' easily visible in this photo. These are non-sexual reproductive structures. The gemmae which develop inside the cups are simply large groups of cells. They become dislodged with drops or rain and so can be dispersed to grow elsewhere.<br />
The plants are either male or female (dioecious) so that the little palm tree growths carry on the separate plants either the male or the female organs. These called in the male 'antheridia' and the in female 'archegonia' are suspended on the under side of the 'palm like ' 'fronds'. It is amazing<br />
to many that the male antheridia produce motile sperm which swim in the raindrops to fertilise the ova in the female archegonia.<br />
After that process has been achieved tiny capsules grow from the fertilised ova These capsules develop in their interiors tiny spores which eventually may be blown away in the wind to find a new place to grow.<br />
The whole plant carries in every cell nucleus only a half number of chromosomes (haploid). Only the fertilised ovum and the immediate divisions of that ovum have the full double set of chromosomes (diploid).<br />
This photo is of the plant growing in my courtyard, where it can cover a considerable area.<br />
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06050379982381080678noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7861468208583208673.post-33624889629274589322016-09-13T02:16:00.000-07:002016-09-13T02:16:16.977-07:00The Biting Fly Stomomyx calcitrans<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHJ3zqV4cBaS5KfS0ninEbY_emDfmJWYvvg9ARKeMa7rtg3TDyqEXVcnFX87ZYPN1OaP9RCPVkQT-tuWT05q4ZE2DRtpXwCxlhyphenhyphen9Ow9x7-YYPJ2JzbHg-lJjsqEy2S_b37jA52ikavWrg/s1600/Stomoxys+calcitrans+dorsal+view.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHJ3zqV4cBaS5KfS0ninEbY_emDfmJWYvvg9ARKeMa7rtg3TDyqEXVcnFX87ZYPN1OaP9RCPVkQT-tuWT05q4ZE2DRtpXwCxlhyphenhyphen9Ow9x7-YYPJ2JzbHg-lJjsqEy2S_b37jA52ikavWrg/s320/Stomoxys+calcitrans+dorsal+view.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
This cursed fly seems to be more common than it used to be. To the unaided eye it looks like a rather small house fly. With the aid of a super macro camera one can see more detail. The lower photograph shows the offending proboscis. It is as hard as horn and can penetrate the soft skin of the human leg with ease, causing much irritation.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-eEhuso9Q4UTgVE44QwHnnkbaPfYV7HnZZt2iqua3jquJXIP9FeWB5SaJrcChNKip3cNMOMfhyphenhyphenhq6LSUzJc4xyLHSwD73vp3eDfGdsEL3GeizpYm2DJ50AlG98cIklTL7e7_ndfINK_8/s1600/Stomoxys+calcitrans+proboscis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-eEhuso9Q4UTgVE44QwHnnkbaPfYV7HnZZt2iqua3jquJXIP9FeWB5SaJrcChNKip3cNMOMfhyphenhyphenhq6LSUzJc4xyLHSwD73vp3eDfGdsEL3GeizpYm2DJ50AlG98cIklTL7e7_ndfINK_8/s320/Stomoxys+calcitrans+proboscis.jpg" width="320" /></a>It is said that the skin is first cut using the lower lip of the labium and that is certainly how it feels. The larvae develop in rotting straw or hay especially if it has been used as animal bedding and has been impregnated with urine. <br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06050379982381080678noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7861468208583208673.post-68365259535671295742016-08-29T01:04:00.001-07:002016-08-29T01:04:24.628-07:00The Black Soldier Fly - Hermetia illucens<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZjZZXE34Qmi1ofjCJ-trRmXC6w9nShUDAyz7DB5krbE9UXIX_V0mtRvQHmG70GdlOYNThwBAdD_F_lzCLmtBOwAArNYbop9if9QsQQaKa3Gcc6GdEp1bMGu_SeIoaq6R_SPM-BJ_i2bY/s1600/Hermetia+illucens+august16.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZjZZXE34Qmi1ofjCJ-trRmXC6w9nShUDAyz7DB5krbE9UXIX_V0mtRvQHmG70GdlOYNThwBAdD_F_lzCLmtBOwAArNYbop9if9QsQQaKa3Gcc6GdEp1bMGu_SeIoaq6R_SPM-BJ_i2bY/s320/Hermetia+illucens+august16.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
The sort of beastie which is a creature that one should really know more about, but one doesn't.<br />
There are quite a few who do know a good deal, however. Among the avant-garde of gardeners there are those who are quite familiar with this insect.<br />
Its original home is in the continent of America. Now it is probably found world-wide. Looking up the recorded distribution in France, I find it is recorded in departments along the Atlantic Coast and here and there elsewhere, but not in the Department of the Lot, till now. <br />
<br />
This large fly (16 mms long) was sitting on a window frame, looking almost moribund, which it probably was, for the adult only lives a few days. It cannot eat and is but a reproductive element in the life cycle, in the same manner that exists with mayflies. I thought at first that it was a species of horsefly (Tabanid) but the length of the antennae seemed to suggest otherwise. Then what attracted my attention strikingly were the two transparent discs on the forepart of the abdomen. One can see right through the body like windows.<br />
This insect is, as a larva, a maggot, a voracious scavenger of both plant and animal remains.<br />
Further reading tells me that the insect is actually 'cultivated' to reduce compost and food waste. The larvae can be used as chicken feed and even it is suggested as human food.<br />
The adults live for a few days, in which they mate, lay eggs and then die.<br />
The references in general say that it causes no disease problems and is probably most useful in clearing up the waste generated by us humans.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06050379982381080678noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7861468208583208673.post-8534668516866811302016-08-24T02:02:00.000-07:002016-08-24T02:02:53.982-07:00Grasshopper hunting wasps.<div style="text-align: justify;">
In late summer when one opens a window, it is not unusual to find the groove at the bottom packed with pieces of cut hay packaging a number of small 'grasshoppers'. The green insects are in fact 'sauterelles' as the French call them. To create confusion in English they are called crickets, whilst to make that yet more confusing what the French call criquets, the English call 'grasshoppers'.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1_MQbl3KEjzWPeCpk3ylz4mJYdhqZX9XQCrrq7McGdTCd9IyMvKWedf88adulh3uKA6BCUWyaCsINFfgMf0nkrov8w_UulilPTxwxhM-t-pmUlU8mMp7KaPa3bIJXuVF21mJ2I4MQzQI/s1600/grasshoppers+in+nest+of+hymenpt+wind+sill.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1_MQbl3KEjzWPeCpk3ylz4mJYdhqZX9XQCrrq7McGdTCd9IyMvKWedf88adulh3uKA6BCUWyaCsINFfgMf0nkrov8w_UulilPTxwxhM-t-pmUlU8mMp7KaPa3bIJXuVF21mJ2I4MQzQI/s320/grasshoppers+in+nest+of+hymenpt+wind+sill.jpg" title="Paralysed crickets in a window frame" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wasp hoard of hay and oak-bush crickets</td></tr>
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This mass of sauterelles and hay is placed there by a large black and red wasp named Sphex rufocinctus. The sauterelles are Meconema meridionalis - In English called the southern oak-bush cricket. This species is quite tiny rarely reaching 15 mms. Indeed they are small enough to be confused as larval forms. They tend to hide away during the day underneath the leaves of oak, high up in the trees. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp2PgWSKOyCbYEW4K_fRyTLhp8hMtsFdyzQ23esYOfw-qFJK0keGpiaRgUJKUU088oJPnvhBFPUoGRK8L7lc4XHZ3dVXxIaHOIumiQ0r0mTT7IYfcXiJkDUzC5PTOwZqScHuB5qW_vKE8/s1600/Sphex+rufocinctus+leava+on+Meconema.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp2PgWSKOyCbYEW4K_fRyTLhp8hMtsFdyzQ23esYOfw-qFJK0keGpiaRgUJKUU088oJPnvhBFPUoGRK8L7lc4XHZ3dVXxIaHOIumiQ0r0mTT7IYfcXiJkDUzC5PTOwZqScHuB5qW_vKE8/s320/Sphex+rufocinctus+leava+on+Meconema.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
The crickets are paralysed by the wasp. And into this heap of Hay and crickets, the wasp lays about one egg to every four crickets. After some short period the eggs hatch and the larvae commence to eat the food stored for them. That you can see in the photo on the right.<br />
These larvae will then pupate first enveloping themselves in silk rather as caterpillars will do. The firm dark brown pupae will await there till the next spring.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06050379982381080678noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7861468208583208673.post-30193546931315024812016-05-05T01:04:00.000-07:002016-05-05T01:04:56.952-07:00Another pest from the Far East - Chestnut leaf gall wasps.<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOXmknPtOcF2VM51BED5vgAe1VKm_JiY6DuGCwav3022XJ8KlU3Pw2akDKifIKnmBI-Z378Une-2JpYKNJ35M7osNPcTewuTizK8nl81O_Yo-4SICqDOPPEpmr-gZAYCm45TGeUlX-D6M/s320/Dryocosmus+kuriphilus+Cynips+gall+on+Chestnut.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="" width="320" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOXmknPtOcF2VM51BED5vgAe1VKm_JiY6DuGCwav3022XJ8KlU3Pw2akDKifIKnmBI-Z378Une-2JpYKNJ35M7osNPcTewuTizK8nl81O_Yo-4SICqDOPPEpmr-gZAYCm45TGeUlX-D6M/s1600/Dryocosmus+kuriphilus+Cynips+gall+on+Chestnut.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="st">Dryocosmus kuriphilus</span></a><br />
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It looks almost like a Christmas decoration, doesn't it. But those two shining berry-like structures are a pest from China. They are galls created by a minute wasp with the jaw cracking Latin name written below the picture. The wasp is classified in a group known as cynips. Such wasps are about two to three millimetres long and pitch black in colour but with bright orange legs.<br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Image of the wasp taken from the Forestry Commission site, </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>and originally courtesy of Gyorgy Csoka, </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Hungary Forest Research Institute, Bugwood.org</i></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU6cit77k4kKlfe0H19KTUi0OLNUn4tnDrkYRcQ68dRrn7Myey0z5OyNEzgoje8qRBOf6N6I7qCI2L-TvcFRMZoot2Mz2rMGTJZVikmzYAWy13Oi0OD_0_M0WaAn7_8rkicgILFRh53Bs/s1600/oriental+chestnut+gall+wasp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU6cit77k4kKlfe0H19KTUi0OLNUn4tnDrkYRcQ68dRrn7Myey0z5OyNEzgoje8qRBOf6N6I7qCI2L-TvcFRMZoot2Mz2rMGTJZVikmzYAWy13Oi0OD_0_M0WaAn7_8rkicgILFRh53Bs/s1600/oriental+chestnut+gall+wasp.jpg" /></a></div>
The tiny wasp does not reproduce via normal mating. The females lay eggs in small batches amounting to about 100 eggs at the end of summer. This is without any mating i.e it is parthenogenesis. The eggs are placed just inside the developing winter buds. The larvae develop slowly and induce the surrounding plant tissues to develop into protective galls. The following summer the adults emerge to infect new buds.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en">Gleaning information from the internet one learns that its original home is China, from it spread by 1940 to Japan, and then to Korea in 1974 and on to the United States. In 2002 it appeared for the first time in Europe. The species has been extensively recorded from Italy since 2005. In 2007 it reached the south of France.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en">At that time the infested trees were burned but the spread has not been stopped. It has reached England and again burning of trees was tried. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en">The pest weakens the trees which must have a toll on both fruit and timber production.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en">The insect is clearly now widespread through France. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en">It looks as though it is here to stay. Just as the Asian hornet is now established and also the Asian Box tree caterpillar so this Oriental Chestnut Gall Wasp is here to stay. </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en"></span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06050379982381080678noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7861468208583208673.post-85008877721222054452013-05-05T03:37:00.001-07:002013-05-05T03:43:13.529-07:00Caterpillar eats orchid<br />
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<a href="http://blogs.angloinfo.com/an-english-naturalist-in-france/files/2013/05/Serapias-lingua-2013-150x150.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" class=" wp-image-331 " data-mce-src="http://blogs.angloinfo.com/an-english-naturalist-in-france/files/2013/05/Serapias-lingua-2013-150x150.jpg" data-mce-style="margin: 9px; border: 6px solid white;" height="150" src="http://blogs.angloinfo.com/an-english-naturalist-in-france/files/2013/05/Serapias-lingua-2013-150x150.jpg" style="border: 6px solid white; margin-top: 9px;" title="Serapias lingua 2013" width="150" /></a><a href="http://blogs.angloinfo.com/an-english-naturalist-in-france/files/2013/05/swellings-in-Serapias-eaten-by-caterpiller-150x150.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Serapias labella" border="0" class="size-thumbnail wp-image-332 alignright" data-mce-src="http://blogs.angloinfo.com/an-english-naturalist-in-france/files/2013/05/swellings-in-Serapias-eaten-by-caterpiller-150x150.jpg" data-mce-style="border: 9px solid white; margin: 6px;" height="150" src="http://blogs.angloinfo.com/an-english-naturalist-in-france/files/2013/05/swellings-in-Serapias-eaten-by-caterpiller-150x150.jpg" style="border: 9px solid white; margin-top: 6px;" title="swellings in Serapias eaten by caterpiller" width="150" /></a><span data-mce-style="font-size: medium;" style="font-size: small;">The
tongue orchid produces no nectar. Yet in the tubular hollow formed by
the petals one can find from time to time insects of various kinds.
Tiny beetles can scurry around. Nevertheless it was something of a
surprise to find a caterpillar (May 3rd 2013) The caterpillar was tiny
but the space is small and it was curled up. Its head was moving up and
down as though it was eating, and indeed that was the case!</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
T=he flower of this orchid has a bright shiny purple swelling on the labellum. That is to say the petal which lies lowest</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
and
forms the base of the flower tube. I extracted the caterpillar by
shaking onto a small saucer and dissected the flower. In the
illustration here I have pinned the labellum of the eaten flower next to
another which was not eaten. You can see how the caterpillar has
chewed at the red swelling in the petal on the left, exposing the pale
tissue beneath.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://blogs.angloinfo.com/an-english-naturalist-in-france/files/2013/05/caterpillar-3-head-view-eating-Serapias-150x150.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" class="alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-335" data-mce-src="http://blogs.angloinfo.com/an-english-naturalist-in-france/files/2013/05/caterpillar-3-head-view-eating-Serapias-150x150.jpg" data-mce-style="border: 8px solid white; margin: 6px;" height="150" src="http://blogs.angloinfo.com/an-english-naturalist-in-france/files/2013/05/caterpillar-3-head-view-eating-Serapias-150x150.jpg" style="border: 8px solid white; margin-top: 6px;" title="caterpillar 3 head view eating Serapias" width="150" /></a>Pursuing this matter, I searched for the species
name of the caterpillar. To keep it alive so I could see it more
easily I placed it on another Serapias flower head held in some water
in a glass beaker. The caterpillar crawled up the flower and proceeded
to eat at the edge of a petal in the fashion which is common to
caterpillars, attacking the petal edge sideways on and champing through
as though it were a leaf edge.<br />
The next two pictures show the caterpillar at the top of the flower and beginning to feed.</div>
<br />
<a href="http://blogs.angloinfo.com/an-english-naturalist-in-france/files/2013/05/caterpillar-eating-Serapias-150x150.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" class="alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-334" data-mce-src="http://blogs.angloinfo.com/an-english-naturalist-in-france/files/2013/05/caterpillar-eating-Serapias-150x150.jpg" data-mce-style="border: 8px solid white; margin: 6px;" height="150" src="http://blogs.angloinfo.com/an-english-naturalist-in-france/files/2013/05/caterpillar-eating-Serapias-150x150.jpg" style="border: 8px solid white; margin-top: 6px;" title="caterpillar eating Serapias" width="150" /></a>It
appears to be the caterpillar of the common quaker moth [Orthosia
cerasi syn - O.stabilis] The books give the food plants as oak, elm.
birch, willow, hawthorns, hazel and perhaps others. I think I can add
Serapias lingua!<br />
The most likely explanation for thecreature being
on the orchid is that heavy rain and gusty winds which have shaken the
'darling buds of may' have thrown the caterpillar from the young
leaves of the downy oak (Quercus pubescens) which are above this little
group of orchids and the little creature will happily eat whatever it
can.<br />
The Common Quaker Moth is not that spectacular. Its fore wings are brown but prettily patterned. Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06050379982381080678noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7861468208583208673.post-57339548478744686352012-10-02T02:41:00.000-07:002016-02-16T00:34:38.253-08:00Weather 2012<br />
Statistical data cumulative for 2012<br />
<a href="http://www.lefourquet.net/weather/2012%20cum.xls">To view click here</a><br />
<br />
<br />
April and May were wet and since then it has been very dry and hot. In July and August the average maximum temperatures approached thirty degrees Celsius.<br />
The drought naturally has led to a failure of many crops only kept going with some irrigation from rain water stored in our cistern from the earlier part of the year.<br />
The walnut crop this year will be poor but oddly there is a large crop of figs.<br />
We make fig jam each year which serves as a substitute for Marmalade. This year I have made 25 pots which should last till the next fig season.<br />
The problem with fig jam is that it does not set without encouragement. The fault lies with the acidity of the fruit.<br />
This recipe solves the problem<br />
<div style="color: purple;">
To make 6/7 jars of Fig Marmalade</div>
<div style="color: purple;">
1.6 kg of ripe figs, cut into small chunks</div>
<div style="color: purple;">
One Lemon - use the zest and juice and as much pulp as possible.</div>
<div style="color: purple;">
Three large slices of crystallised ginger cut finely.</div>
<div style="color: purple;">
One rounded teaspoon of cinnamon powder.</div>
<div style="color: purple;">
1.6 kg of sugar (with pectin added if possible)</div>
<div style="color: purple;">
FOUR tablespoons of red wine vinegar.</div>
<div style="color: purple;">
Bring the figs, lemon, ginger and cinnamon mixture to the boil. Macerate with a hand-held blender.</div>
<span style="color: purple;">Add the sugar and boil quickly for about 6 minutes. Test for setting. </span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06050379982381080678noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7861468208583208673.post-65863703463519842712012-03-10T08:05:00.000-08:002012-03-10T08:05:42.271-08:00Bimonthly weather report January-February 2012<div style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://naturelot.blogspot.com/"><span style="background-color: purple; color: white; font-size: xx-small;">To go to the index click here</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="color: lime;"><a href="http://lefourquet.net/weather/2012%201%20jan-feb.xls"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">To view statistics click here</span></a></div>It has been a disastrous season - at least if we only remember February. January was reasonably mild but February was Arctic! The average night temperature was nearly minus three, but there were ten consecutive nights below minus eight. We suffered as did numerous friends and neighbours from burst pipes. One gushed like a fountain and our guest flat had three centimetres of water throughout the bedroom, bathroom and kitchen. The consequence of that inundation is not entirely resolved in March.<br />
The amount of rainfall has been appallingly low. We had only 7 millimetres in February. Last year we had 44 and the year before 38. <br />
The snowdrops were delayed. The first one was seen on the 23rd January but it and its buddies soon hit the frost and the real flowering appeared on the 28/29 February.<br />
Nearly all winter vegetables in the garden were killed. Brussels sprouts pulled through. The roses which were planted last autumn have been seriously damaged and possibly some have died. This is a terrible shame because they were a special planting to commemorate my wife's birthday.<br />
No celandines appeared before March and of course the early flowering plum tree is still shut up tight even as I write this on the 10th March.<br />
No migrating cranes (birds) have been seen during these two months.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06050379982381080678noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7861468208583208673.post-29250817086260523942012-01-08T01:03:00.000-08:002012-01-08T01:03:03.860-08:00The Sorcerer's Heart -Clathrus ruber<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgskvZKQ5HIriGpBH1l-QyeOGMqOIJIwOTumGzlJW5FNhzkRSQ6ubyks0Bkwc6b7PENAIJqFVjmnYD7mvFGIGNE8IXjEsMPnsesFtnNkjuY8ZcJc-bw1A6AqQyahsgn9Sf_WiOKfy0eZYo/s1600/Clathruis+ruber+3rd+January+2011-+le+Fourquet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgskvZKQ5HIriGpBH1l-QyeOGMqOIJIwOTumGzlJW5FNhzkRSQ6ubyks0Bkwc6b7PENAIJqFVjmnYD7mvFGIGNE8IXjEsMPnsesFtnNkjuY8ZcJc-bw1A6AqQyahsgn9Sf_WiOKfy0eZYo/s320/Clathruis+ruber+3rd+January+2011-+le+Fourquet.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">My wife said "There is something odd in the hedge". We were in the car returning from shopping and just turning the corner of the lane to enter our driveway. It wasn't an old discarded ball but this astonishing fungus. It is astonishing at any time. But to see it on January 2nd (2012) is truly extraordinary. It is only the third time I have seen it. The last time was some years ago when I came upon a specimen growing just under the walls of the ruined chateau of Montsegur, That place is remarkable enough; perched high on a small mountain, bleak and forbidding. It was the last refuge of the the religious sect - the Cathars - massacred on this spot by the bigots of the Catholic Church. </div><div _mce_style="text-align: justify;" style="text-align: justify;">Clathrus ruber is usually said to be a southern species desiring warmth. On January 2nd it was 4 degrees in the morning. So that seems odd. It is rare in England, having mostly been found very close to the south coast, though are a few records close to the east coast of Scotland. Perhaps it needs warmth during the previous year? It certainly needs warmth to let its stink pervade the air. For, so it is said, the spores are distributed by flies attracted to the stink. This specimen attracted no flies and I had to get my nose to within 15 centimetres of it to detect its characteristic smell of rotting flesh.</div><div _mce_style="text-align: justify;" style="text-align: justify;">The specimen was no mean size, having a diameter of over fifteen centimetres. The cage like structure had slightly collapsed towards the left. It expands out of an 'egg' the soft papery casing of which can be seen at the base. The mass of spores immersed in a brown slime is contained in the very centre and this is surrounded by a the girders of spongy red tissue. This net of girders expands quite quickly creating a cage with the greeny-brown gooey stinking mass of spores (the gleba) sticking to the inside of the cage like structure.</div><div _mce_style="text-align: justify;" style="text-align: justify;">It seems incredible that anyone would attempt to eat the thing, but I read from an American journal (1854) that a young man ate a portion and he suffered convulsions and lost his power of speech and became unconscious for 48 hours. Another scientific account details that the fruit body is more than usually rich in the element manganese. That does seem odd. Manganese is important in various enzymatic processes. Perhaps it is important in whatever processes make the net like ball expand rapidly?</div><div _mce_style="text-align: justify;" style="text-align: justify;">Though it is rarely seen, It is usually found in places with much leaf mould.</div><div _mce_style="text-align: justify;" style="text-align: justify;">Flies which distribute the spores probably not only do this on their feet but also through their digestive tract. I hypothesise, but it would seem not unlikely. You might suppose that the red colour (which is due to carotenes, and similar to the chemicals that make carrots red) might, in being similar to the colour of red meat, also be attractive to flies. But do flies see colour? If they do not, what then is the reason for this colour? Other related species have this same colouration.</div><div _mce_style="text-align: justify;" style="text-align: justify;">By the 6th January the gleba had almost totally been washed away by the rain and the girders, now pale pink, were left with a consistency of polystyrene foam, not at all slimy and with little smell.</div><div _mce_style="text-align: justify;" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">This article was first published in http://blogs.angloinfo.com/an-english-naturalist-in-france/</span> </div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06050379982381080678noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7861468208583208673.post-49571408261577990092012-01-02T01:37:00.000-08:002012-01-02T01:37:07.909-08:00Bimonthly Weather Report November December 2011<div style="text-align: right;"> <span style="background-color: purple; color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://naturelot.blogspot.com/" style="color: white;">To go to the latest posting click here</a><a href=""> </a></span></span></div><br />
<a href="http://lefourquet.net/weather/2011%206%20Nov%20Dec.xls"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="color: #6fa8dc;">To view statistics click here</span></i></span></a><br />
<br />
December was by far the wettest month of the year, with 91 mms.<br />
The comparative figures for the other months from January onwards are.<br />
23,38,45,04,19,37,22,38,33,58,29 and then 91. == 437 mms (17.2 inches)<br />
In 2010 the rainfall was 648 mms (157 mms in June!) == 25.5 inches<br />
In 2009 the rainfall was 671 mms = 26.4 inches<br />
<br />
December was also quite mild <br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The average temperatures for December (degrees C) over the past three years being.</span><br />
2009 3.65 min/ 7.42 max<br />
2010 1.61 min/ 6.52 max<br />
2011 6.65 min/ 9.97max<br />
<br />
Night frosts were 2009 - 8 2010 -14 2011 -2 <br />
<br />
Flowers open over Christmas included Mexican orange blossom in plenty, winter jasmine. Rose bushes are growing their buds. <br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The damned moles are having a whale of a time, as I write this on January 3rd 2012</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06050379982381080678noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7861468208583208673.post-9491044006540827562011-11-13T05:41:00.001-08:002012-01-18T08:49:00.308-08:00You can eat any mushroom once!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWibFopchdQLRAlPD2dP9PM-DqEFYWYuK_nzTPXBWnSOY8aCTDd7vS-LnXdeN-ubl5BhEOW4pBl1ywO7mDMaWddftj9FukLUSVSL2oPLsek4TQc9T71dYJEfAqe7DBVFmIqfUb8Xem-4E/s1600/Agaricus+x+group.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="155" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWibFopchdQLRAlPD2dP9PM-DqEFYWYuK_nzTPXBWnSOY8aCTDd7vS-LnXdeN-ubl5BhEOW4pBl1ywO7mDMaWddftj9FukLUSVSL2oPLsek4TQc9T71dYJEfAqe7DBVFmIqfUb8Xem-4E/s320/Agaricus+x+group.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Monsieur Gouny, our neighbour, looked at my small basket of mushrooms and he said ‘Ce sont les rosés?’ – they are the field mushrooms? – rosés des prés’ ? ‘Oh no they are not’, I replied in French. I illustrate some here as they were growing. They look like mushrooms but anyone who ate them would soon be writhing with a highly disturbed stomach. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">I have many textbooks on mushrooms and toadstools and that on the mushrooms lists over seventy species. Of toadstools as a general group, there are thousands in Europe. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">The mushrooms, collectively placed in the genus Agaricus all have spores which begin pink but which turn to a deep dark purple to black as they ripen. The so-called gills which carry the spores change colour as the spores change colour. Agaricus mushrooms all have a fleshy ring on the stem but the stem in otherwise bare and has no enveloping sac at its base (unlike the various deadly poisonous Amanitas).</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0kZ86za6R6rWalUMbs_kGLtPJO1VnzPuKI4F0xGPSXLZB2bN5ij7PmUVvNcIlD5XBu_chbzCN2LxLAGRAGycSzuCsXrwFrZ2MecO9IJ2BFwE9R5UwQ1hBfbzTN2YR1w_dreUR7yx5p0w/s1600/Agaricus+field.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0kZ86za6R6rWalUMbs_kGLtPJO1VnzPuKI4F0xGPSXLZB2bN5ij7PmUVvNcIlD5XBu_chbzCN2LxLAGRAGycSzuCsXrwFrZ2MecO9IJ2BFwE9R5UwQ1hBfbzTN2YR1w_dreUR7yx5p0w/s320/Agaricus+field.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">The numerous true mushrooms all look very similar. So, how do you tell them apart?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Well the ones I collected make the answer very difficult. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">These were Agaricus xanthodermus, the so-called ‘yellow-stainer’. I fear that almost all living things come in a variety of forms and the species of mushrooms are no exception. If you read the books they will tell you that the ‘yellow-stainer’ has two marked characteristics. Firstly, that the flesh in the base of the stem when cut, turns chrome-yellow, and that the broken flesh has a smell of ink. It so happens that mine have no smell at all, and the colour change is extremely slight.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">I illustrate a specimen which is shows a little yellow in the base – good specimens would be brilliantly yellow.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">So it is necessary to look for other signs which are less obvious. The shape of the cap helps. This is not a smooth even dome. When young it has a more rectangular section. The sides tend to be almost vertical and the top is more flat. [The one marked Y shows this shape.] Then if you cut the specimen in half, the young gills are exceedingly pale pink. Lastly look to where the mushrooms are growing. Agaricus xanthodermus does not normally, if ever, grow far away from trees, whilst the ‘rosé des prés’ is found in the open pastures. The yellow stainer is probably growing around the roots of the trees and in fact helping the tree to obtain minerals from the soil. It is also itself in return obtaining carbohydrates from the trees. So beware of mushrooms which look like mushrooms growing under trees! The field mushroom is obtaining nutrients from decomposing organic matter, possibly old horse dung.</div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Above all remember that the best mushrooms have a red tinge to their flesh and will colour any water in which they are placed a pale pinky-red. The yellow stainer will never do that. All mushrooms can be placed either into the group of red stainers or the group of yellow stainers – which bruise yellowish,</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06050379982381080678noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7861468208583208673.post-24794434584895857962011-11-13T05:31:00.001-08:002011-11-13T05:31:49.869-08:00Bimonthly Weather Report 2011 September October<div style="text-align: right;">
<a href="http://naturelot.blogspot.com/"><span><span style="background-color: purple;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;">To go to the index click here</span></span></span></span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://lefourquet.net/weather/2011%205%20September-October.xls">Raise statistics for the months here</a> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
These two months were appreciably drier and warmer than in 2010. That only 9 mm rain fell in September was remarkable. The ground became too hard and dry to work. Farmers are not able to find enough hay for their animals. By mid October there was no water left in the garden cistern. But on the 24th the situation was saved by heavy rain.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Cranes flew south on the 16th and 17th of October, a little late for them.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Ground frosts occurred on the 20-21 October which seemed to suggest that winter was imminent, but it was a false alarm, and at the end of the month summer temperatures had returned. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The walnut crop was poor with very small nuts falling. The Hazel tree yielded nothing at all.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06050379982381080678noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7861468208583208673.post-36883626729859534062011-09-09T01:29:00.000-07:002011-09-09T01:32:56.939-07:00Weather report - July -August 2011<div style="text-align: right;">
<a href="http://naturelot.blogspot.com/"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span><span style="background-color: purple;"><span style="color: white;">To go to the index click here</span></span></span></i></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bimonthly Weather Report</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://lefourquet.net/weather/2011%204%20July-August.xls"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">To view statistics click here</span></i></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
These two months were considerably more wet than in 2010. The rainfall totalled 35 mms last year and it was 125 mm this year. This at least restored the balance of the
drought in the first half of 2011.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Unfortunately the vegetables suffered well before July commenced
and although it has been possible to get some beans planted and crop, some
crops have been totally futile. The parsnips totally failed to germinate and
there was no attempt to plant a third time in July. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
As I reported for May-June, the hay crop was appallingly poor. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Nevertheless some fruit crops have done quite well. There were quite a few plums and the walnut
and chestnut trees will probably produce good crops. In an entry on this blog I have commented on
the fruiting of the True Service trees (Sorbus domestica). Their fruit crops are immense and branches are breaking under the load. Such also happened with apples and plums. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Partridges have been scuttling
around as the car approaches along the lanes. But not immediately near the
house. The odd hare scampers across the
field as I write this piece and we see small family groups of roe deer on some mornings from the
bedroom window.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
But it seems to me that insects generally have not been as
prolific as usual. There have been very
few sightings of the horse fly [I seem to think - none!]with large green eyes (Philipomya graeca). The Silver Washed Fritillary butterfly has hardly had a sighting, yet in previous
years we normally see several at once trapped indoors and trying to get out of
the windows. There has not been the usual numbers of Marbled White butterflies. Small flies of the
house-fly type appear to have been less abundant. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
There was a fairly good cropping of fungi at the end of July some days after a
downpour of rain, but it was not repeated after the 26 mms of rain on the 26<sup>th</sup>
August.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
A few Cesar’s mushrooms were seen in July. No cèpes!
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Towards the end of August a few Autumn Ladies Tresses
(Spiranthes spiralis – an orchid) have appeared on the pasture and I have
noticed that some other flowers are flowering quite well at this time – Sickle
leaved hare’s ear is fairly abundant in its accustomed location and the yellow
Odontites is quite luxuriant.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06050379982381080678noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7861468208583208673.post-25958490442720604432011-09-08T10:06:00.000-07:002011-09-08T10:11:05.078-07:00The True Service Tree or Cormier<br />
<div style="color: orange;">
<i>Wild Plants of France 5.</i></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGEaF4h1YyLVVf212osneJuoaBDsJrN7XCY5DS092OvDlBEC8jxvrBg7q4XRoHyaY02P4KgZi4wH3HhcDrieABbn7P7k8YTVLQ3o9wfjfFeATC-cjrJknKjo7axONKsE01kTwvp-99xJQ/s1600/Sorbus+domesticus+closeup.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGEaF4h1YyLVVf212osneJuoaBDsJrN7XCY5DS092OvDlBEC8jxvrBg7q4XRoHyaY02P4KgZi4wH3HhcDrieABbn7P7k8YTVLQ3o9wfjfFeATC-cjrJknKjo7axONKsE01kTwvp-99xJQ/s320/Sorbus+domesticus+closeup.JPG" width="239" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
This beautiful tree, laden with
golden fruits is growing at the far side of my daughter’s field. The locals know it as the Cormier. In England
it is named in books as the true service tree. But few people will recognise it.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Once it was thought to be extinct
in England. When I was young it was thought that there
was just one tree growing in the Wyre
Forest near Kidderminster
in central England. There, that single tree was known as the
‘whitty pear’.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Some time in the 1960’s I
happened to read the work of Nennius (in translation) of the Wonders of Britain. Nennius was a monk who lived around the year
800 in North Wales.
He gathered together all kinds of scraps of information. I was trying to get to grips with the stories
surrounding King Arthur whom Nennius mentions.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
He wrote in latin ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Juxta flumen quod vocatur Guoy, poma
inveniuntur super fraxinum in proclivo saltus qui est prope ostio fluminis’</i>.
And
this is translated as:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
‘Next to the river Wye apples
spring from an ash tree on a slope by the river estuary.’</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
I happened to be living fairly
near the Wye at the time.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
A friend of mine, a botanist,
happened to be wandering around the
district and he found on the banks of
the Severn very close to where the Wye joins that larger
river, amongst some scrubby and
neglected patches of trees specimens of this same tree.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
It could not be better described
as looking like an ash tree bearing small apples.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
These must be descended from the
same tree or trees that Nennius describes.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The leaves resemble much those of
the rowan tree or mountain ash to which it is in fact related.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The fruits are, unless ripe to
the point of rotting very bitter. They
almost take the lining off the teeth. Yet the Latin name Sorbus domestica reflects a
culinary use. It is claimed that they were
fermented to make a form of cider. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The
wood is fine grained and excellent for carving. But generally the trees end up as firelogs. In this district of south-central
France the tree
is quite common growing on the edge of the abundant woods of pubescent oak. Most are felled in the
recurrent process of cutting timber for firewood. There are few around as old as
this specimen, though the tree is said to live to 600 years and
more. This one is perhaps towards a hundred years. </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06050379982381080678noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7861468208583208673.post-19215219907526972372011-08-09T02:48:00.000-07:002011-08-09T03:04:12.917-07:00Mushrooms make the French ill.<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: #eeeeee; color: cyan; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://naturelot.blogspot.com/">To go to the index click here </a></span></div>
<u><b>August 9 2011. </b></u> In the past three weeks, 94 mms (nearly four inches) of rain has fallen. After the heat and drought of the previous months, this has resulted in a flush of toadstools of many species. Many of the French who retain a strong folk memory of starvation on a diet of snails, thrushes and toadstools, take advantage of this glut and invade the countryside to collect and eat. Unfortunately for them, the folk memory does not tell them the difference between the edible and the toxic.<br />
Within the past two weeks the Centre of Toxicology at Toulouse has had a flood of inquiries on toadstool poisoning. Eight people were hospitalised at Cahors, four at St. Céré, two at Figeac. Village pharmacists all have a training in toadstool recognition, but few are thoroughly knowledgeable. <br />
The local paper says that the usual culprit was the Satan's mushroom. What they should have eaten were the cepes.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjubr2Do6timAyeb8R6iQnzyuxbLJ1QVOr67pQRFPUa-BhTBimppjo3Y1rb7kiMi-1LrilE8rFxMiso4hDZhSylmGiwv5gK7Oo0xI5j7um62dayfbs5xi2ncwdtC75I5jIH8PBRSwyweYA/s1600/Boletus+edulis-reticulatus+10-06.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjubr2Do6timAyeb8R6iQnzyuxbLJ1QVOr67pQRFPUa-BhTBimppjo3Y1rb7kiMi-1LrilE8rFxMiso4hDZhSylmGiwv5gK7Oo0xI5j7um62dayfbs5xi2ncwdtC75I5jIH8PBRSwyweYA/s200/Boletus+edulis-reticulatus+10-06.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5n7uRvVQDbwp2HyFe1xrY6Vfdq9WZhNAgfKqpNhHnUeXPyUh0ni4uwaXzYW8lmmadrqyYr0ASac5jOF-_qzAIlIt8nQk-wmTRnHeXrKLpf7B_IgaHmkxwzM4fcx8gDtcf0CEA6oxoxQk/s1600/Boletus+satanas+7-08-11+Mont+Jouve.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5n7uRvVQDbwp2HyFe1xrY6Vfdq9WZhNAgfKqpNhHnUeXPyUh0ni4uwaXzYW8lmmadrqyYr0ASac5jOF-_qzAIlIt8nQk-wmTRnHeXrKLpf7B_IgaHmkxwzM4fcx8gDtcf0CEA6oxoxQk/s200/Boletus+satanas+7-08-11+Mont+Jouve.jpg" width="200" /></a><br />
To the left is the Satan.<br />
It has a pale top about the size of a large dinner plate.The stem is fat and mostly red and the flesh is a bright yellow which changes to blue when cut. The pores below the cap are bright red.<br />
The cepe is on the right. They can also be large, though usually a little smaller than the Satan. It is a brown colour. The pores begin white and turn to dirty yellow as they age. The stem is also a pale brown and the flesh is white and hardly changes when it is cut. The stem also has a net like pattern on it. I add that the stem of Satan's toadstool also has a net on it, though in that case the net is whitish yellow on a reddish background.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDWZDUMZvOEQITYpTW6ux99iyi5y8GP1ASfpwBocYenK5QJCzsAwqaCIUghq3ZgVSm1n7cG__uZqiJYgEqbHiPPqqWYkLa2x0pm3uZ0SkDiKMQ8YRuJRHwTLjkhdqh7Nz1zHilmcfSDAQ/s1600/Boletus+Beckyplusceps.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDWZDUMZvOEQITYpTW6ux99iyi5y8GP1ASfpwBocYenK5QJCzsAwqaCIUghq3ZgVSm1n7cG__uZqiJYgEqbHiPPqqWYkLa2x0pm3uZ0SkDiKMQ8YRuJRHwTLjkhdqh7Nz1zHilmcfSDAQ/s320/Boletus+Beckyplusceps.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A basket of cepes</td></tr>
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It is almost impossible for anyone but a total innocent to mistake the two. I suspect that the newspaper journalists don't know the cepe from the others either! The unfortunate people probably ate something else. <br />
One can quite easily make mistakes of identification with other genera of toadstools, but anyone who is not certain should never eat any toadstool.<br />
The cepes fetch large prices at the markets - ten euros a kilo is not exceptional. They are not worth it. Always, I guarantee it, if one shows a French person some toadstools in a wood or field, they ask "Can you eat it?". I reply - "You can eat any toadstool once!"<br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06050379982381080678noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7861468208583208673.post-68998696062186591392011-07-12T08:53:00.000-07:002011-07-12T08:53:17.797-07:00Weather May-June 2011<div style="text-align: right;">
<a href="http://naturelot.blogspot.com/"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span style="background-color: purple;"><span style="color: white;">To go to the Index click here</span></span></span></span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.lefourquet.net/weather/2011%203%20May-June.xls"><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: xx-small;">To view statistics click here </span></a></div>
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The drought continued. The hay crop was only 9 inches high. There is a request for anyone with a hay field going to waste to help out the farmers. There are quite a few English, Dutch and Belgian owners who do not use their fields. Of course they just revert to woodland. We allow the hay on our fields to be taken by our neighbouring farmer. It keeps our view open and we get a good variety of pasture flowers. The hay was cut just into July and yielded less than three bales. Last year there were 13 bales.</div>
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The orchids this year were almost non-existent, because of the drought.</div>
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The rainwater cistern of 42 cubic metres capacity is almost dry. We have not been able to water the plants since mid June. Since my daughter Rachel is growing cut flowers for sale, this is a serious matter. </div>
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During the first week of May we had the 'Vent d'Autan'. This is a powerful wind from the South East, rather like the Mistral in Provence. Fortunately it is not a frequent occurrence (unlike the Mistral, which can spoil any holiday in Provence!). It can be caused either by cyclonic conditions over Spain or anticyclonic weather over mid France. The wind is funnelled from Narbonne to Toulouse and then up through the departément of the Lot.</div>
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A hare seems to have made itself at home near to the house. If one approaches, it hunkers down and pretends that you cannot see it. If you get about six feet away it then takes off.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06050379982381080678noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7861468208583208673.post-62382104264564914282011-05-03T00:58:00.000-07:002011-05-03T00:58:27.915-07:00Bimonthly Weather Report March April 2011<div style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://www.naturelot.blogspot.com/"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span style="background-color: purple;"><span style="color: white;">To go to start of te blog and indices click here</span></span></span></span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="background-color: white;"></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.lefourquet.net/weather/2011%202%20March%20April.xls">View statistics here click</a>.</span> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="background-color: white;">March began cold. </span></span>The beautiful early flowering St. John's Plum tree did not flower until March 8th. This wild tree whose fruit in midsummer makes the most excellent jam is often in flower in February (19th February in 2008).</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Other flowers were also late - daffodils 14th March, celandines 18 March. These dates represent a fairly full flowering. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Our last ground frost was March 20th.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">The cuckoo was heard on March 16th. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">But then at the very end of March the temperatures rose significantly.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Summer temperatures came in the first week of April. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">the first Orchis morio was seen on April 3rd. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">The 6th April we saw the butterflies -Scarce Swallowtail and Orange tip.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">The hoopoe was heard on April 1st. The nightingale on April 25th. It was a few days earlier heard at Lavercantière about 10 km away.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">But April saw the beginning of a drought. Only 4 mm. of rain fell in the month.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">It was the driest and warmest April in the last few years. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">April 2010 rainfall was 13 max temp. 19.6 ; in 2009 -168 mm. and 16.2 degrees.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Our rainwater reservoir is in full use for watering the flower crop and our vegetables.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06050379982381080678noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7861468208583208673.post-55551313014425015382011-03-04T01:13:00.000-08:002011-03-04T01:13:26.344-08:00Bimonthly Weather Report<div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://naturelot.blogspot.com/"><span style="background-color: purple; color: white;">To go to the start of the Blog and the Index click her</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;"><a href="http://lefourquet.net/weather/2011%201%20Jan-Feb.xls">To load the statistics click here.</a> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;">January was decidedly warmer than those of 2009 and 2010.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;">Min temps. in order 2.06, 0.58, and this year 2.87</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;">Max temps. 7.23, 4.46, and 8.23</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;">February continued similarly</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;">Min temps. 3.87, 1.93 and 4.14</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Max temps. 10.08, 7.96, and 11.07</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">However the numbers of night frosts showed no trend. 2010 had more frosts. In 2011 no snow fell in January/February.</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Nature..</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">The 1st Viola odorata was in flower on the 1st January. The 1st snowdrop on the 16th January (as in 2009 and 2008) I was glad to see the local wild snowdrops which I transplanted to the edge of our lower woodland produced 8 flowers on February 7th (3 in 2010 on February 19th). It is always several degrees colder in the valley bottom. </span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Celandines in flower on 28th February. </span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">On the 25th February a skein of about 50 Cranes flew North-East (1st March in 2010). </span> </span></span></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06050379982381080678noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7861468208583208673.post-49577825070549185342011-01-06T09:57:00.000-08:002011-01-06T09:58:22.680-08:00A Feather Beetle<div style="background-color: purple; color: white; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"></span><a href="http://naturelot.blogspot.com/" style="color: yellow;">To go to the start of this blog and the Index click here</a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw_-aDAHOUrABdWdhKh3ekkD9732whutnnME1B57ZULhaK04dDtT1foplcdJwd9XR3NenVvVUzL2GEpWXlYSIHU-i08noaCROj8cCBfpdToefKAOS3DA7DuFC8Bb3kyKVbFMc03QFJisk/s1600/Nanoptilium+kunzei+B%2526Wa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw_-aDAHOUrABdWdhKh3ekkD9732whutnnME1B57ZULhaK04dDtT1foplcdJwd9XR3NenVvVUzL2GEpWXlYSIHU-i08noaCROj8cCBfpdToefKAOS3DA7DuFC8Bb3kyKVbFMc03QFJisk/s320/Nanoptilium+kunzei+B%2526Wa.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Searching a sample of leaf litter which had accumulated in a ditch beneath oak trees, I found this odd little beast.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Its name takes up more room than the animal. It is less than one millimetre in length and you can only make out its structure with a microscope. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">You cannot make out the details of the body because it is too opaque for the microscope. You may make out enough of the shape to see that it is an insect.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">The remarkable structure is the great feathery excrescence at the end of the body. The books say that this represents its wings. There are a large number of ‘cilia’ projecting from each side of the two central axes. These 'cilia' appear to be hollow. Each cilium has fine projections along the length. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">What can be their function? I discover in a Russian journal [Zoologičeskij žurnal 2008, vol 87 pp 181-188] that A.A. Polilov has examined the structure of these beetles, but little more is known. He found that many internal organs are severely reduced (even allowing for the minute size). He says..(I quote) ..”The most important among them are the following: the absence of midgut muscles, reduction of two malpighian tubules (i.e. the nitrogenous excretory organs), the decrease in the number of abdominal stigmas (i.e. breathing pores), the strong reduction of the tracheal system (respiratory system), the absence of the heart, reduction of the circulatory system …”. He also lists reduction of the nervous system. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">This information may help us to surmise what the function is. The ‘cilia’ appear to be hollow and empty. It would seem unlikely that the cilia replace the excretory system. We know that the respiratory system of breathing pores and the air tubes (the tracheae) are reduced. Is it not likely that these ‘feathers’ are in fact the breathing system of this minute insect, and that gaseous exchange occurs across their relatively immense surface? </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Then we might conjecture on the evolution of these creatures. Could it be that these ‘feathers’ are most effective under water? Is it that the beetles only live in waterlogged conditions or were their ancestors water living beetles?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">It is said to be found in most regions of Europe and beyond into Asia. </div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06050379982381080678noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7861468208583208673.post-48478961035998560422011-01-01T01:17:00.000-08:002011-03-04T00:33:14.287-08:00Bimonthly Weather Report November-December 2010<div style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: purple; color: yellow; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://naturelot.blogspot.com/" style="color: white;">To go to the<span style="background-color: purple;"></span> INDEX and the beginning of the blog, click here</a>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size: small;">November & December</span> 2010</u></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://lefourquet.net/weather/2010%206%20Nov%20Dec.xls">To view statistics click here.</a> (The statistics for all 2010 are also viewable via the Index.)</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Compared with 2009 the average temperatures for both months were about 2 degrees lower in 2010. There was about 10 mm less of rain in both months than in 2009.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">This in contrast to the feeling that one had that we had more snow in December 2010, but the total amount was not measured. It was nevertheless very likely so. Snow fell on November 27th (5 cm), which seems to be unusual.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">About six Lapwings were seen nearby on the 3rd of December, just after the first fall of snow from the 27th November to the 2nd December. We have only seen Lapwings once before, also following a cold spell. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Cranes were seen flying south on November 2nd and again on December 13th. That makes three southerly passages of cranes this autumn. (The other was October 11th)</span><br />
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</span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06050379982381080678noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7861468208583208673.post-86341379070220741362010-11-27T07:23:00.000-08:002010-11-28T02:48:25.415-08:00LITTLE KNOWN MINTS<div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://naturelot.blogspot.com/"><i><span style="color: blue; font-size: xx-small;">To go to the start of this blog</span><span style="color: blue;"> </span><span style="color: blue; font-size: xx-small;">click here</span></i></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgru9kwO7FaekIEysmE2Frq-LqjhzUG7uChsePFpzk_3lqQDugyZE_6NItmujvnIyVxPYMOinSbpEwrMKt-_aEK5Vx8sa2wriQp1ZOeCdc-Q93cQFmwA1ox7yRqcnavlhIYHsFSJswHTI/s1600/Calamintha+ascendens.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgru9kwO7FaekIEysmE2Frq-LqjhzUG7uChsePFpzk_3lqQDugyZE_6NItmujvnIyVxPYMOinSbpEwrMKt-_aEK5Vx8sa2wriQp1ZOeCdc-Q93cQFmwA1ox7yRqcnavlhIYHsFSJswHTI/s320/Calamintha+ascendens.jpg" width="316" /></a></div>The odour of mint evokes roast lamb and Sunday lunch. Mint tea in the Arab desert lands is one of the most refreshing of drinks. Kendal Mint cake refreshes the weary hill walker. The plant illustrated here has the strongest and most beautiful minty odour of any though it is not strictly speaking a mint at all. If you live in the very north or east of France, or in parts of Provence you may not find it. In England it exists on the North Downs and around the coasts of Cornwall. This plant is the calamint (from the Greek <i>Kala</i> = <i>excellent </i>or <i>beautiful</i> plus mint). <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">In the 13<sup>th</sup> century a herbalist who came from the town where I now live – Bernard de Gourdon recognised the value of this plant. The virtue of all mints in aiding digestion continues in the fashion of ‘after-eight mints’. Three hundred years later it was incorporated in a concoction of herbs used as a poultice to aid the cure of gunshot wounds – the ‘arquebusade’ . </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div>The form of the flower is different from that of the true mints in that each flower has two lips and they are gathered in rather loose groups. In the true mints there are four small and somewhat equally sized petals arranged in dense groups or spikes. You can see this in the mint called Pennyroyal, the other photo. Again, except for the very north of France it is found everywhere on calcareous land. In Britain it has become quite rare having disappeared from most of its erstwhile localities. It also has a powerful smell and was famed for deterring fleas from the bedding. It is very likely that the Romans gave it the name of ‘pulegium’ for this reason (pulex = flea). The name Penny Royal, used since the middle ages, is derived from the early French ‘<i>puliol–réal</i>’ which possibly means the royal flea killer! It also indicates that its medicinal virtues were known amongst the Anglo-Norman aristocracy. In French its name remains <i>la menthe pouliot</i>. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht_2KPdWgDx1dY8BgYChmDZx4fozPpDJH8PzzqpjcsV-6fCPszjxP_revxhVwDiXu2AWRsmUWxxlzVsYwoNLIIb9bd2c_JMNninVWRePJ87vcKwZcxVoDUwFh9Q6-HudBh0WqhXYdaCdQ/s1600/Mentha+pulegium.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht_2KPdWgDx1dY8BgYChmDZx4fozPpDJH8PzzqpjcsV-6fCPszjxP_revxhVwDiXu2AWRsmUWxxlzVsYwoNLIIb9bd2c_JMNninVWRePJ87vcKwZcxVoDUwFh9Q6-HudBh0WqhXYdaCdQ/s200/Mentha+pulegium.jpg" width="150" /></a>In fields near my home, the sheep avoid the penny-royal. Possibly the minty smell generally repels the insect predators, for these plants seem to be fairly free from such attack.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Both of these species flower late into autumn. Other species of mint are more common and more spectacular; Apple mint, Pepper Mint (a hybrid of the next two), Water mint, and the most useful Spear mint which everyone should cultivate for mint tea and famously mint sauce, a desirable British addition to be encouraged in the French cuisine.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Pennyroyal Recipe for a weary stomach:- It is a worthwhile tisane. Place 30 grams (1 oz.) of the herb in a half litre of boiling water. Add honey to taste and drink warm.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06050379982381080678noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7861468208583208673.post-14155880191074747012010-11-05T02:08:00.000-07:002010-11-05T02:08:55.824-07:00Bimonthly Weather Report September October 2010<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://naturelot.blogspot.com/">To go to start of the blog and Index click here</a>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span><a href="http://lefourquet.net/weather/2010SeptOct.xls">To view statistics click here.</a><br />
Though the temperature in October was on average 3 degrees <i>below</i> that of last year, there were no ground frosts. Last year there were several. However we live on a hill and those days where the overnight air temperature was below 2 degrees (3 times) would have seen frost in the valleys. Nevertheless we had last year a minus figure once. This year none were below 2. <br />
Our first wood fire was lit on October 6th - it seems to get earlier each year! <br />
Although rainfall was above last year, the ground still seems dryish. The mushrooms and toadstool appearances were very poor. A friend nevertheless showed me a good stand of Caesar's Mushroom - Amanita cesarea. This is an excellent edible mushroom. It is closely related to the poisonous death cap and fly agaric, but recognisable by its yellow stems contrasting with its alarming orange-red cap. It was growing with heaths on acid soil under pubescent oaks.<br />
Cranes flew south on October 11th and November 2nd (next report). It was odd that these flights were so far apart!Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06050379982381080678noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7861468208583208673.post-5637961905077701842010-09-07T08:34:00.000-07:002010-09-07T09:53:46.944-07:00Sceliphron - Potter Wasp<div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8bzFwjNal_Ede38KcBf88pDcDEV0hDgwxUbqe2mn1lIfxgvKifDWaKFmGniNrjNBrSMW3PqkRfqMCzGnnDzDhrPvNR7K6wCSBfhj3X6V2Izk57FmRcJ4uCS4E9V_oKf95t29UuB5xoCU/s1600/Potter+Wasp+nests.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8bzFwjNal_Ede38KcBf88pDcDEV0hDgwxUbqe2mn1lIfxgvKifDWaKFmGniNrjNBrSMW3PqkRfqMCzGnnDzDhrPvNR7K6wCSBfhj3X6V2Izk57FmRcJ4uCS4E9V_oKf95t29UuB5xoCU/s1600/Potter+Wasp+nests.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8bzFwjNal_Ede38KcBf88pDcDEV0hDgwxUbqe2mn1lIfxgvKifDWaKFmGniNrjNBrSMW3PqkRfqMCzGnnDzDhrPvNR7K6wCSBfhj3X6V2Izk57FmRcJ4uCS4E9V_oKf95t29UuB5xoCU/s1600/Potter+Wasp+nests.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8bzFwjNal_Ede38KcBf88pDcDEV0hDgwxUbqe2mn1lIfxgvKifDWaKFmGniNrjNBrSMW3PqkRfqMCzGnnDzDhrPvNR7K6wCSBfhj3X6V2Izk57FmRcJ4uCS4E9V_oKf95t29UuB5xoCU/s200/Potter+Wasp+nests.jpg" width="127" /></a></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwpP3nA38DM4EKVsFU1IHdfIgcKiwz2DKORHqMEndjExsh2_8jTVsLkYiQliGNILfIOatrG158EfsdhR_5XvZh-o74EJKzIV-nLZYg6HSX2guBLoBFtFGX3MejpOmiN3WfSOX37FhCBZI/s1600/Sceliphron+curvatum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwpP3nA38DM4EKVsFU1IHdfIgcKiwz2DKORHqMEndjExsh2_8jTVsLkYiQliGNILfIOatrG158EfsdhR_5XvZh-o74EJKzIV-nLZYg6HSX2guBLoBFtFGX3MejpOmiN3WfSOX37FhCBZI/s200/Sceliphron+curvatum.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="http://naturelot.blogspot.com/"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">To go to index click here.</span></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>Any house owner would be surprised by a row of tiny clay pots lined up inside a fold of a curtain. When they knock them off and find the shards spilling out dozens of apparently dead spiders, they may be appalled. The culprit is the female of a wasp with an exceedingly narrow waist, which, no doubt with huge labour, constructed all the pots and stuffed them with a hundred spiders in less than half a day. Just imagine the journeys needed to collect the wet mud, and the spiders!</div><div style="text-align: justify;">If the householder should find the adult wasp [at towards 2 cm long it is somewhat alarming], and hopefully has an inquiring mind, he or she might ponder- ‘With a waist like this, how does any food pass from front to back?’ Perhaps nothing does. I will come back to that mystery. But here we have an example of a creature which was first found in Europe (Austria) in the 1990’s. Since then it has invaded much of Northern Italy, southern France, Spain and parts of Central Europe, but its original home seems to be from near-Asia . This year it has been found in Paris and near Cahors and in Les Landes. It looks as though it will colonise all of France. This species may be an invader but there are various indigenous relatives not dissimilar. In this instance you will see that the waist is black and the abdomen has yellow bands. Some indigenous relatives have bright yellow waists and totally black abdomens or are otherwise marked. These most particularly occur in southern regions.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">You can call it a potter-wasp. Inside each pot the adult lays one egg and then fills the pot with between 6 to 12 tiny spiders, paralysed with a nerve poison. The developing larva gradually eats the paralysed prey, starting with the abdomens, and in about a month will convert into a pupa and then into the adult.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Can that narrow waist ‘the petiole’ contain the gut, a blood vessel and a nerve? It is plain that no solid food can pass through it. It seems unlikely that anything much passes through it. It is as though the structure is little more than something like a tow-bar on an articulated lorry. The front end does the moving, getting energy from the sugar rich nectar which it consumes. The rear end is effectively no more than a reproductive structure, stuffed with eggs, rather as the lorry’s articulated trailer is stacked with goods. This ‘trailer’ will have nerve ganglia and possibly they control the reproductive activities. The adult insect has finished growing and has no need for anything much in its diet except energy, i.e. sugars.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06050379982381080678noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7861468208583208673.post-27227967742843462322010-09-07T05:31:00.000-07:002010-09-07T05:31:56.822-07:00Bimonthly Weather Report July August 2010<a href="http://naturelot.blogspot.com/">To go to Index and the start of the blog click here</a><br />
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Drought is the name for these months. The grass was brown and the leaves of the oak trees completely browned by the end of August. The days towards to end of August were particularly hot getting up to 37 degrees on two days.<br />
Our rain water cistern of 42 cubic metres was two thirds empty by the end of August. It was difficult keeping the vegetable watered.<br />
An Asian wasp - Sceliphron curvatum was found in the house. It makes nests like pots out of clay and is spreading throughout France having been seen first some years ago in Austria. The more disastrous Asian Hornet was also seen feeding on our grapes for the first time. This creature eats bees. Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06050379982381080678noreply@blogger.com0